Genetic Expression and Morphogenesis of the Skin in Vertebrates

    January 1993 in “ PubMed ”
    Danielle Dhouailly
    TLDR Retinoic acid can change skin structures in vertebrates, like turning scales into feathers or hair buds into glands.
    The document reviewed the effects of retinoic acid on skin morphogenesis in vertebrates, highlighting its unique ability to alter positional values and induce additional structures, similar to homeotic mutations in Drosophila. Experiments demonstrated that retinoic acid could cause feather formation on chick scales and transform mouse vibrissa hair buds into glands. The study of retinoic acid nuclear receptors (RARs) revealed that during normal hair follicle development, only RAR alpha and RAR gamma were expressed, while retinoic acid treatment induced RAR beta expression, leading to gland formation. The research emphasized the importance of dermal-epidermal interactions in skin differentiation, noting the dominant role of the dermis but also the critical competence of the epidermis in determining the type of cutaneous appendage formed.
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