Gender Differences in Response to COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination

The review highlights gender differences in response to COVID-19 infection and vaccination, noting that men generally experience more severe outcomes, including higher mortality rates, due to factors like testosterone's immunosuppressive effects and higher expression of TMPRSS2. In contrast, estrogen in females enhances immune responses, potentially offering better protection. The study also discusses the impact of COVID-19 on sexual health and pregnancy, with increased risks of cardiovascular complications in pregnant women but no evidence of mother-to-child transmission. Vaccination efforts have been crucial in reducing transmission and mortality, though some adverse effects have been noted. The document emphasizes the need for ongoing research to understand these gender-specific responses and improve public health strategies.