12 citations
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June 2006 in “British Journal of Sports Medicine” This article reviews the history and current medicolegal challenges of doping in sports, focusing on FIFA's procedures and three urgent legal issues, but presents no new findings.
1 citations
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February 2023 in “Journal of Athletic Training” This review discusses the role of athletic trainers in the medical affirmation and care of transgender and gender-diverse individuals, but it reports no new research findings; the authors emphasize the need for interprofessional collaboration.
8 citations
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January 2009 in “Pepperdine Digital Commons (Pepperdine University)” This article reviews the legal processes for international athletes facing disciplinary actions and suggests enhanced legal representation and procedural changes to improve their access to justice, but reports no new results.
February 2026 in “British Journal of Sports Medicine” Transgender women have similar fitness to cisgender women, while transgender men have higher fat and lower strength than cisgender men; hormone therapy affects body composition and strength.
July 2023 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” This narrative review suggests that, after at least two years of gender-affirming hormone therapy, nonathletic transgender individuals tend to have physical performance levels similar to cisgender individuals, though more controlled research is necessary, particularly among trans athletes.