Exogenous Metal Ions as Therapeutic Agents in Cardiovascular Disease and Their Delivery Strategies

The document reviews the therapeutic potential of exogenous metal ions in treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by highlighting their roles in protecting cells from oxidative stress, inducing angiogenesis, and regulating ion channels. Metal ions like magnesium, strontium, manganese, zinc, and copper have shown antioxidant properties that can mitigate oxidative stress, a key factor in CVDs. Innovative delivery strategies, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and scaffolds, are discussed to maximize therapeutic effects while minimizing toxicity. The findings suggest that metal ions could be a cost-effective, stable, and safe alternative to traditional CVD treatments. However, excessive supplementation can lead to adverse effects, emphasizing the need for precise delivery strategies. The study concludes with optimism about the clinical application prospects of metal ions in CVD therapy, supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and other sources.