Exogenous Metal Ions as Therapeutic Agents in Cardiovascular Disease and Their Delivery Strategies

This review highlights the therapeutic potential of exogenous metal ions in treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by maintaining metal ion homeostasis, which is often disrupted in CVDs. Metal ions offer advantages over traditional drugs, including broad availability, stability, safety, and diverse delivery methods. The review discusses the roles of metal ions in protecting cells from oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis, and modulating ion channel functions. It also covers the use of metal ions in vascular reconstruction and cardiac tissue repair, emphasizing the importance of precise delivery strategies using biomaterials like nanoparticles, hydrogels, and scaffolds to enhance therapeutic effects and minimize toxicity.