Formulation of Deformable Liponiosomal Hybrid of Repaglinide: In Vitro Characterization and Evaluation of the Anti-Diabetic Effect

The study developed Repaglinide-loaded liponiosomal hybrids (LNHs) to improve the drug's solubility, permeability, and bioavailability, addressing its low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility and first-pass metabolism. Using a factorial design, the optimal LNHs (F7) were formulated, achieving high encapsulation efficiency and sustained drug release. In vivo studies on 36 male Wistar albino rats demonstrated that RPG-loaded LNHs significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased insulin release more effectively than free Repaglinide, with a maximum glucose-lowering effect of 61.63% compared to 45.78% for free RPG. The LNHs also showed enhanced antioxidant activity and improved pharmacokinetic parameters, such as higher Cmax and AUC, indicating better absorption and sustained release. This novel nano-carrier system, combining liposomes and niosomes, offers a promising approach for improving therapeutic outcomes in diabetes management.