Deer Antlers: A Model of Mammalian Appendage Regeneration - An Extensive Review

This review highlighted deer antlers as a unique model of mammalian appendage regeneration, contrasting them with other vertebrates. Antler regeneration was found to be a stem cell-based process, with stem cells located in the pedicle periosteum. Unlike amphibian limb regeneration, antler regeneration did not rely heavily on signaling from the wound epidermis. The minimal scarring during antler regeneration presented potential insights for reducing human scar formation. Additionally, the resistance of antlers to malignant transformation, despite rapid growth, offered valuable research opportunities in cancer biology. Overall, understanding antler regeneration could inform regenerative medicine, particularly in stimulating human limb regeneration.