What is L-cysteine, and why is it often included in hair growth supplements?

When we read about nutrients for hair, the focus often falls on biotin, vitamin D, or iron. Yet many formulas designed for hair growth also contain an ingredient called L-cysteine. Unlike vitamins, this is not a micronutrient but an amino acid, one of the basic structural units of protein. Because human hair is made largely of a protein called keratin, understanding the relationship between L-cysteine and keratin helps explain why this amino acid is frequently highlighted in supplements.

Keratin is not just a simple chain of proteins; it has a particular strength and resilience because of disulfide bonds. These bonds are chemical links between molecules, and they depend on the sulfur present in cysteine. This sulfur is what allows keratin molecules to interlock in a way that creates strong, flexible hair fibers. Without adequate cysteine, keratin is less stable, which could make hair weaker and more breakable. For this reason, supplement companies often rely on L-cysteine as part of their formulations, even though the scientific evidence supporting its direct effect on hair growth remains under debate.

L-cysteine and the antioxidant system

Cysteine is also a precursor to glutathione, one of the most important antioxidants produced inside human cells. Antioxidants serve to neutralize free radicals, unstable molecules that can damage cellular components, including DNA and proteins. In the case of hair, oxidative stress has been linked to follicle aging and miniaturization, processes that underlie common forms of hair thinning. From a theoretical standpoint, L-cysteine could contribute to follicle protection through its role in glutathione synthesis. However, it is essential to stress that theory and actual clinical results are not always aligned.

The available research on L-cysteine and hair is limited and often mixed with other ingredients, which makes interpretation complex. Most studies use L-cystine, a dimeric form of cysteine, and combine it with vitamins or plant extracts. This creates uncertainty about how much of the observed effect comes from cysteine itself.

A study carried out in Italy in 2006 looked at a supplement containing L-cystine, B vitamins, and millet extract in 30 women suffering from telogen effluvium, a form of diffuse hair shedding. The trial lasted six months, and researchers evaluated outcomes using phototrichograms, a technique to measure hair density and growth rate. The women showed increased hair density and reduced shedding. While promising, the limitation was clear: it was impossible to separate the effect of cystine from the effects of the other nutrients tested (Capella et al., 2006).

Another study conducted in Germany in 2015 tested L-cystine together with pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) in 30 women with diffuse hair loss. This trial also lasted six months. Hair counts and patient questionnaires were used to measure results. The findings suggested improvements in hair growth, but once again, the combination of nutrients and the small sample size make the conclusions fragile (Lengg et al., 2015).

Animal research has explored this amino acid as well. In 2000, researchers in Japan examined the topical use of L-cysteine in mice. After shaving, mice treated with cysteine showed faster regrowth compared to untreated animals. While interesting, the translation of results from animal experiments to human physiology is highly uncertain (Ogawa et al., 2000).

Weaknesses in the evidence

When we ask ourselves what we really need to know, the key point is that the current body of evidence is thin.

The main weaknesses are the small size of human studies, the frequent combination of cysteine with other nutrients, and the short duration of most trials, usually between three and six months. Since a full hair growth cycle can last several years, studies of this length cannot capture the complete picture. Moreover, independent replications are scarce. All of this leaves us with evidence that is suggestive but far from definitive.

Why the ingredient persists in supplements

Despite the limited data, cysteine continues to appear in formulas because its biological role is undeniable. Keratin requires cysteine to form, and cysteine is required for glutathione, a central antioxidant. Supplement companies capitalize on this biochemical plausibility even though clinical proof remains incomplete. For us, as people trying to understand whether such an ingredient truly helps, the most honest answer is that L-cysteine has a strong theoretical basis but insufficient human evidence to be considered conclusive.

L-cysteine is more than a nutrient name on a label. It is an amino acid with a special sulfur content that strengthens keratin and helps form one of the body’s key antioxidants. Scientific studies indicate that formulas containing cysteine may reduce hair shedding and increase density, but these studies are small, often combine multiple ingredients, and have not been replicated widely. In short, while cysteine is biologically important for hair, we still lack large, independent, and long-term trials to confirm whether supplementation truly makes a difference.

References

Capella, M., Carminati, G., & Cavalli, P. (2006). Clinical evaluation of a dietary supplement in women with telogen effluvium. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 28(2), 123–129. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16512890/

Lengg, N., Heinrich, U., Tronnier, H., & Elsner, P. (2015). Effects of a nutritional supplement containing L-cystine and pantothenic acid on hair loss in women. Journal of Applied Cosmetology, 33(1), 17–24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25950847/

Ogawa, H., Kawamura, A., & Hama, M. (2000). Stimulatory effect of L-cysteine on hair growth in mice. Journal of Dermatological Science, 22(2), 120–126. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10838298/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (n.d.). Dietary supplements. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/dietary-supplements

National Institutes of Health (NIH). (n.d.). Amino acids. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/AminoAcids-HealthProfessional/

World Health Organization (WHO). (n.d.). Micronutrients. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/micronutrients