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This review summarizes advancements in forensic DNA phenotyping for appearance, ancestry, and age prediction from crime scene samples, reporting no new research findings but highlighting areas needing further research and validation.

This review found that current forensic DNA phenotyping panels for biogeographical ancestry and visible traits face significant limitations due to inconsistencies in terminology, genetic understanding, and genotyping technologies, highlighting the need for harmonization and further research.

This review discusses existing forensic DNA phenotyping panels for biogeographical ancestry and externally visible characteristics and highlights major technical limitations, including terminology issues, genetic knowledge gaps, and technological debates; it reports no new results.

This review found that while forensic DNA phenotyping and health applications for pigmentation genetics show potential, factors like phenotype definition and population diversity present challenges to accurate genotype-to-appearance predictions.

This research highlights significant advancements in forensic DNA phenotyping, enabling predictions of physical traits, ancestry, and age from crime scene DNA, but notes that further research and validation are needed for greater accuracy and reliability.