A Comprehensive Review on Metabolic Syndrome

The document from 2014 reviews metabolic syndrome (MetS), a condition associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality, characterized by a combination of risk factors such as insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure. It discusses the syndrome's definition, prevalence, pathogenesis, and treatment, emphasizing the importance of lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as initial interventions, and pharmacological treatments when necessary. The review also explores the role of adipocytokines and free fatty acids in systemic inflammation and obesity-related comorbidities, the impact of genetic factors, and the systemic effects of MetS on various organs. It suggests dietary recommendations, physical activity, behavior therapy, and in some cases, bariatric surgery for management, and outlines pharmacological treatments for obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. The document concludes that managing MetS requires a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle changes and medical interventions.